Stainless Steel Strip, Sheet, Plate, Pipe ,Tube and Powder

(Supplement: High Nickel Alloy, Permalloy, Bi-metal, Titanium, Power Spring Strip, High Carbon Steel Strip, Plated Metal Strip, Electrogalvanized (Silver top) steel strip/ sheet, Perforated Metal, Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use, Iron Chromium Cobalt Magnetic Alloys, Rare Earth Alloys, Neodymium (Nd) – Iron (Fe) – Boron (B) Magnetic Alloys, Ferrites, Soft Ferrites, Silicon Low Carbon Steel, Ferro – Nickel Alloy, Porcelain for insulators & Inorganic Matericals)

1.0	Stainless Steel & Alloy Strip, Sheet & Plate	1
1.1	Definition of Stainless Steel	1
1.1.2	Comparison of different type of Stainless Steel	2
1.1.3	Advantage of Stainless Steel	3
1.1.4	Strength, Ductility and formability	4
1.1.5	Comparison specific gravity electricity, thermal conductivity, Thermal expansion and electrical resistance of stainless steel and other metals	5
1.1.6	Specific Gravity	6
1.17	Elasticity	6
1.1.8	Electrical resistance	7
1.1.9	Thermal conductivity
1.1.10	Thermal Expansion	8
1.1.11	Comparison of mechanical propertities of selected stainless Steels, carbon steels and aluminum & bronze alloys	9
1.1.12	Alloy & Additive of Stainless Steel and its corrosion & other properties	10
1.1.13	Various Type of Stainless Steel Evolution from 304(18/8)	11
1.1.14	Conversion of Corrosion penentration rates for AISI-304 Stainless steel (density 7.87 g/cm3) and a corrosion rate of 0.0762mm (3/1000 inches)/yr.	12
1.1.15	Industrial standard of stainless steel	13
1.1.16	Types processing method, surface finished & features of stainless strip, sheet(Thickness under 20mm) & Plate (Thickness 20-200mm) to EN1088-2 : 1995	18 – 20
1.1.17	Features of Stainless Steel	22
1.1.18	Metallurgists of Stainless Steel	23
1.1.19	Pioneer Stainless Steel makers	24
1.1.20	High-chromium Stainless Steel W442	25
1.2	Production Method	26
1.2.1	Production Method	26
1.3	Manufacturing flow chart of Stainless Steel Strip/ Sheet/ Plate	27
1.4	Explanations of Stainless Steel Manufacturing Process	28
1.5	Manufacturing Process in Illustration	30 – 34
1.5.1	Melting and Casting flow-chart	30
1.5.2	Slabbing and Slab Conditioning flow-chart	31
1.5.3	Hot Rolled flow-chart	32
1.5.4	Cold Rolled flow-chart	33
1.5.5	Shearing & Slittering	34
1.6	Mill’s Inspection Certificate	35 – 36
1.7	Corrosion of Metal	38 – 43
	Definition of Corrosion	38
	Different Kinds of Corrosion	38
	Law of ” Faraday”	38
	Corrosion Cell	38
	Environmental Cell	39
	Type of Corrosion	39
	How Natural Environment, water, sea water, soil and concret affect metal ?	39 – 41
	The Rate of Corrosion of Metal made by Fresh Water, Sea Water and Soil	41
	The Method of Calculation of Corrosion	41
	The Weak Point of Metal is the Starting Point of Corrosion	41 – 43
	How Temperature affects Corrosion	41
	Crystal Defects	41
	Cold Working	42
	Grain Structure & Inter-granular Corrosion	42
	Grain Shape	42
	Solution of Corrosion Resistance	42
	Purity	42
	Additive on Metal	42
	Heat Treatment	43
1.8	Rusting, Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel & Titanium against Chemicals	45 – 47
	Rusting	45
	Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel & Titanium against Chemicals	45 – 47
1.9	Classification, Corrosion Resistance & Heat Resistance of Stainless Steel	49 – 50
	Chrome Stainless Steel	49
	Martensite	49
	Low Carbon Martensite	49
	Ferrite Stainless Steel	49
	Nickel Chrome Stainless Steel	50
	Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel	50
	Fe / Mn / Al Stainless Steel	50
1.10	Nickel Allergy	53 -55
	Mechanism of Nickel Allergy	53
	Nickel Emission and Metal Corrosion	53 – 55
1.11.0	Magnetic	59 – 65
1.11.1	Magnetic Property & Stainless Steel	55
	Permeability after Cold Working	59
1.11.2	Magnetism	60
1.11.2a	Soft Magnetic	60
1.11.2b	Hard Magnetic	60
1.11.3	Magnetic Fields	60 – 61
1.11.4	Magnetic Induction	61
1.11.5	Magnetic Permeability	61
1.11.6	Magnetic Susceptibility	61 – 62
1.11.7	Magnetic Force , Field & Electron	62
1.11.8	Diamagnetism, Paramagnetic, Ferromagnetism	63
	Diamagnetism	63
	Paramagnetic	63
	Ferromagnetism	63
	Comparision of Diamagnetic / Paramagnetic / Ferromagnetic	64
1.11.9	Antiferromagnetism	65
1.11.10	Ferrimagnetism	65
1.12	How to select Stainless Steel	69 – 70
1.13	Heat Treatment Hardening	73 – 77
	Quenching & Hardening	73
	Normalizing	73
	Annealing	73
	Full Annealing	73
	Diffusion Annealing	74
	Low Temperature Annealing	74
	Process Annealing	74
	Spheroidizing Annealing	74
	Bright Annealing	74
	Other Annealing Method	74
	Quenching	74 – 75
	Time Quenching	75
	Austempering	75
	Marquenching	75
	The rate of Cooling and Quenching Media	75 – 76
	Tempering	75 – 76
	Surface (case ) Hardening	76
	Carbonizing	76
	Nitriding	77
	Plasma – nitriding	77
	Gas Caburizing	77
	Liquid Salt Bath	77
2.0	Standard of General Use Stainless Steel Strip / Sheet & Plates	79 – 87
2.1	Stainless Steel – Type, Industrial Standard, Chemical Composition, Characteristic & End Usage of the most commonly used Stainless Steel
2.2	Mechanical Properties	89 – 95
2.2.1	Mechanical Properties of Spring use Stainless Steel (301, 304, 631 CSP)	89
2.2.2	Mechanical Properties of Thin Stainless Steel (Thickness From 0.3mm to 2.9mm) – strip/sheet	90
2.2.3	Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel Under Solution Treatment Conditions(SUS G4305)	91
2.2.4	Mechanical Properties Under Annealed Condition Of Stainless Steel	92
2.2.5	Acid and Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel & High Nickel Alloys(0.1g/m2/hr or less)	93 – 94
2.2.6	High Temperature Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel (Against Gas, Salt-bath, Sodium and Water)	95
2. 3	Classification of Foil, Strip, Sheet & Plate by Thickness	96
2.4.1	General Specification of Tension Annealed Stainless Steel Strips	97 – 98
	Coil Set	97
	Camber	97
	Cross Bow	97
	Twist	97
	Waving at the Edge	97
	Dents and Pitting	97
	Lines	97
	Tension Annealed Material	97
	Grease, Oil and Rusting	97
	Interleaf Paper	97
	Inner Core Diameter	97
	Mill’s Certificate	97
	Picture Description	98
2.4.2	Designation of SUS Special Used Stainless Steel	99
2.5	Surface Finish (No.1, No.2D, No.2B, No.3, No.4, BA, DF, HL, No.8,Emboss, Coloured, Pre-coated)	100 – 101
2.6	Surface Protection film S.P.V-W SPP SPV-C SPV-D VC	102
2.7	Edge Finish	103
2.8	Available Size & Tolerance	104 – 107
2.8.1	Foil-Available size & Tolerance	104
2.8.2	Thin Strip & sheet(Thickness from 0.3mm to 2.9mm)Available size & Tolerance	105
2.8.3	Stainless steel plate, heavy gauge	106
2.8.4	Stainless Steel Plate- Heavy Gauge	107
2.9	Marking and Packing	108 – 110
2.9.1	Strip Packing	108
2.9.2	Sheet Packing	109
2.9.3	Plate Marking & Packing	110
2.10	Slittering & Shearing services	111
3.0	Spring Stainless Steel	113 – 120
3.1	Stainless Steel for Spring Use	113
3.1.1	301 Stainless Steel used for Spring in brief	113
3.1.2	Other Stainless Steel used for Spring (Details :17.0 – page 198)	113
3. 2	Cold Rolled Stainless Steel Strip for Springs JIS G4313	114
3.2.1	Class and Grade	114
3.2.2	Hardness, Bend, Tensile Strength, Proof Stress and Elongation(JIS G4313)	116 – 117
3.2.3	Mechanical Properties of SUS301 and SUS301L under Thermal Refining Rolled Conditions	118
3.2.4	Camber – Permissible Maximum Value (Width over 10mm)	118
3.2.5	Flatness Formular	118
3.2.6	Flatness Test	119
3.2.7	Hardness Measurement Under Constant Temperature Before “V” + “W” Bend Test	119
3.2.8	V Bend Test	119
3.2.9	W-Bend Test	120
4.0	Deep Drawing	123 – 126
4.1	General	123
4.2	Deep Drawing	123
4.3	Mass Formula	124
4.4	Specific Gravity of Stainless Steel	125
5.0	Stainless Steel Metal Injection Powder	127 – 131
5.1	Powder Metallurgy	127
5.1.1	Traditional Powder Metallurgy	127 – 128
	Moulding method	127
	Briqutting	127
	Sintering	127
	Shaping	127
	Impreguation	127
	Sintering Temperature	128
5.1.2	Stainless Steel Metal Injection Powder	128 – 129
	Advantage of Metal Injection	128
	Metal Injection Moulding Flow Chart	128
	Metal Injection Sintering Products	128
	Comparison of different kinds of Metal Injection Moulding material and their Mechanical Property	129
	Comparison and Flow Chart of MIM and Conventional Powder Metallurgy	130
	Sintering temperature / sintering time and mechanical properties relation	131
6.0	Claded, Inlet, Plated Stainless Steel Strip	137 – 143
	Material	137
	Dimension	137
	Under Plating	137
	Single Side Plating	137
	Cladding	138
	Plating	139
	Flow Chart of Claded & Plated Metal	139
	Other Base Metals’ Claded Metal	140 – 141
	Plating Position & Example	142
	Coiling Direction	142
	End Usage	143
7.0	Stainless Tube & Pipe	145 – 148
7.1	Seamless Tube/Pipe & Seamed Tube/Pipe	145
7.2	Precision Tube	147
	Ordering	147
	Features	147
	Production Procedures	147
	End use or purpose	148
	Materials	149
	Outside diameter & wall tickness	150
	Welded Tubing	150
	Dimensional Tolerances	151
7.3	Pipe & Tube of General Use	153 – 158
	End Usages	153
	Pipe & Tube Manufacturing Flow Chart	153
	304 Round Pipe Weight Table	154
	430 Round Pipe Weight Table	154
	Rectangular Pipe Weight Table	155
	Square Pipe Weight Table	155
	High Frequency Welding Round Pipe Sizes	156
	Argon Arc Welding Round Pipe Sizes	156
	Square Pipe Sizes	157
	Tolerance	158
	Round Pipe	158
	Square Pipe	158
8.0	Decorative Stainless Steel – Mirror/Etching Finished Stainless Steel Sheet	160
8.1	Manufacturing Process	161
8.2	Decorative Stainless Steel	162 -163
	0Mirror Finish – The ultimate for class and elegance	162
	Etching Art	162
	Chemical – colour – treated stainless steel	163
9.0	Stainless Steel Checker Plate	165 – 167
	Chemical Composition	165
	Mechanical Property	165
	Physical Property	165
	Weight Per-Sheet and Per- Square Ft.	165 – 166
	Material	166
	Tolerance	166
	Welding Proceeding	167
	Sample Drawing	167
10.0	Porious Stainless Steel Foil/ Sheet/ Belt/ Sponge	169
11.0	Heat Resistance Stainless Steel	171 – 173
11.1	Heat – Resistance Stainless Steel	171
11.2	Chrome Heat Resistance Steel	172
11.3	Chrome Nickel Heat Resistance Steel	172
11.4	Superior Heat Resistance Steel	172
11.5	Heat Resistance Super Alloy	172
11.6	Specific Gravity of Heat – resistance Steel Plates and Sheets Stainless Steel	173
11.7	Creep Test	174
	Supplement
12.0	High Nickel Alloy	181 – 183
13.0	Bi-Metal	184
14.0	Permalloy & Magnetic Alloy	185 – 187
14. 1	Soft Magnetic Alloys	185
14.2	Usage	185
14. 3	Semi – Hard Magnetic Alloy	185
14.4	Usage	185
14. 5	Hard Magnetic Alloy	185
14.6	Usage of Hard Magnetic Alloy	186
14. 7	Magnetostrictions Alloys	186
14.8	Alloys for Semi – Conductors & Electronic Tubes	186
14. 9	Usage of Semi-Conductors & Electronic Tube	186
14.10	Chemical composition, Alloy & Characteristic of Semi- Conductor & Electronic Tube Alloys	187
14. 11	Anti-Corrosion and Heat – Resistance Spring Alloys	187
14.12	End Usage	187
14.13	Anti – Corrosion and Heat – Resistance Spring Alloys	187
15.0	Titanium	188 – 195
15.1	Introduction of Titanium	188
15.2	The Outstanding Characteristics of Titanium	188
15.3	Application	189
15.4	Titanium Spongy Manufacturing Flow Chart	190
15. 5	Flow Chart of Titanium Finishing Material	191
15.6	Working on Titanium Alloy	192
15. 7	The Moulding of Titanium	192
15.8	Titanium is harder to work than Steel	192
15. 9	Selection of Culter	192 – 193
15.10	Sharpness of Culting Tool	193
15. 11	Type of Culting Tool	193
15.12	Comparison of Working Speed of Titanium, High Speed Steel and Carbide	194 – 195
16.0	Electroplating Materials	196 – 197
	Evaporation	196
	Precious Metal & Alloys	197
17.0	Power Spring Strip	198 – 205
17. 1	Material & Classification of Spring Steel Strip	198
17.2.1	Wind-up Spring	198
	Conventional Type Power Spring	198 – 199
17.2.2	Pull Back Power Spring	199
17.2.3	Convex Spring Strip	199
17.2.3.1	Measure Tape	199
17. 2.3.2	Magic Tape	199
17.2.3.3	Drawing of Magic Tape	200
17. 3	Constant Torque Spring	200
17.4	The Power of Constant Torque Spring & Wind-Up Spring	200
17.5	The Retraction of Constant Torque Spring	200
17.6	The Formula Power of Constant Torque Spring	201
17.7	Edge Finish	202
17.8	Hardness	202
17.9	High Carbon Tool Steel, Chemical Composition & Usage	203
17.10	The Length of 1Kg of Spring Steel Strip	203
	Weight per one meter long(kg)(Width 100-200mm) Length per one kg (Width 100-200mm)	204
	Weight per one meter long(kg) (Width 2.0-10mm)	205
17.14	Length per one kg (Width 2.0-10mm)	205
18.0	High Carbon Steel Strip	206 – 213
18. 1	General Classification	206
18.1.1	Classification according to Crystal Structure	206
18. 1.2	Classification according to usage	206
18.1.3	Classification according to Carbon Content	206
18.2	String use Carbon Steel Strip	206 – 207
18.2.1	Cold Rolled Strip	207
18. 2.2	Annealed Strip	207
18.2.3	Hardened & Tempered Strip / Precision – Quenche	207
18.2.4	Bainite Steel Strip	207
18. 3	Edge Finish of Carbon Steel Strip for Spring	207
18.4	Quenching Media	208
18. 5	Tempering	208
18.5.1	High &Low Temperature Annealing	208
18.5.2	High Temperature Annealing	208
18.6	Annealing	209
18.6.1	Full Annealing	209
18.6.2	Diffusion Annealing	209
18.6.3	Low Temperature Annealing	209
18.6.4	Process Annealing	209
18.6.5	Spheroidizing Annealing	209
18.6.6	Bright Annealing	209
18. 7	Quenching	210
18.7.1	Time Quenching	210
18.7.2	Austempering	211
18. 7.3	Marquenching	211
18.7.4	The End Usages of High Carbon Steel Strip	211
18.8	Cold-Rolled (Special Steel) Carbon Steel Strip to JIS G3311	212 – 213
19.0	Razor Blade Steel	214
19.1	Characteristics	214
19.2	Chemical Composition	214
19.3	Sizes (mm)	214
20.0	Knitting Needle Round Edges Steel Strip	215
20.1	Characteristics	215
20.2	Steel Type, Chemical Composition and Needle Thickness	215
20.3	Edge Finish	215
20.4	Mechanical Properties	215
20.5	Decarburization and Structure	215
21.0	Plate Metal Strip	216
21.1	General	216
21.2	Advantage of Using Plate Metal Strip	216
21.3	Plated Layers of Plated Metal Strip	217
21.3.1	Nickel Plated	217
21.3.2	Chrome Plated	217
21.3.3	Brass Plated	217
21.4	Base Metal of Plated Metal Strip	218
21.4.1	Iron & Low Carbon as Base Metal	218
21.4.2	Stainless Steel as Base Metal	218
21.4.3	Copper as Base Metal	218
21.4.4	Brass as Base Metal	218
22.0	Electrogalvanized (Silver top) steel strip/ sheet	219 – 224
22.1	Structure of Silver top V-treatment “HA-TO”, Bright metallic-ST,Black Silver W-treatment special Function Electrogalvanized (Silver top) steel strip/ sheet	220
22.2	Special features of Electrogalvanized (Silver top)steel strip/ sheet	221 – 224
23.0	Perforated Metal	225 – 227
	Round Hole (to 0.75 m/m)	226
	Round Hole (to 0.8 m/m over)	226
	Others shapes	227
24.0	Silicon Steel Sheet for Electrical Use	228 – 229
24.1	General	228
24.1.1	Soft Magnetic Material	228
24.1.2	Narrow Hysteresis Loops	228
24.1.3	Coercive Force	228
24.1.4	Hard Magnetic Alloys	228
24.1.5	Maximum energy product	228
24.1.6	The Advantage of adding Silicon to Low Carbon Steel	229
24.1.7	Grain-Oriented, Non-Oriented	229
25.0	Iron Chromium Cobalt Magnetic Alloys	230
	Permanent Magnet onTelephone Receiver	230
26.0	Rare Earth Alloys	231
27.0	Neodymium (Nd) – Iron (Fe) – Boron (B) Magnetic Alloys	231
	Comparison of Alnico Earth, Neodymium, maximum Energy product, KJ/m3	231
28.0	Ferrites	232
29.0	Soft Ferrites	232
30.0	Silicon Low Carbon Steel	232
30.1	Magnetic Properties of some Materials	233
30.2	Metallic Glasses : Chemical Composition, Properties and Applications	233
31.0	Ferro – Nickel Alloy	234
32.0	Porcelain for insulators	235
33.0	Inorganic Matericals	236